Термины трастов Мэриленда с определениями

Сверено с законами Мэриленда 2026-10-27. Общая информация, не юридическая консультация; официальный текст имеет приоритет.

Maryland Trust Act

Title 14.5 of the Estates and Trusts Article (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-101) — Maryland's trust code, effective January 1, 2015, applying to trusts created before, on or after that date and to judicial proceedings commenced on or after it (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-1006). It covers express trusts and trusts created under a statute, judgment or decree to be administered as express trusts (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-102); the common law of trusts and principles of equity supplement it (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-106). Руководство: Обязанности правопреемника-попечителя в Мэриленде после смерти

Circuit court

A court having equity jurisdiction has general superintending power with respect to trusts (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-201(d)); in Maryland that is the circuit court for each county and for Baltimore City. A trust is not subject to continuing judicial supervision unless the court orders it (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-201(b)), and a judicial proceeding may concern any matter of the administration, including a request for instructions or an action to declare rights (§ 14.5-201(c)).

Orphans' court

The court for the probate of wills and the administration of decedents' estates in each county and Baltimore City; in Harford County and Montgomery County a judge of the circuit court sits as the orphans' court (Est. & Trusts §§ 2-106(e), 2-107(b)). Instead of a direct appeal to the Appellate Court, a party may appeal an orphans' court's final judgment to the circuit court, heard de novo — except in Harford, Howard and Montgomery Counties (Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 12-502(a)). Руководство: Пробейт в Мэриленде: объяснение

Register of Wills

The county officer who keeps wills deposited for safekeeping, receives the will of a decedent from its custodian, opens estates and handles the estate's papers and the inheritance tax (Est. & Trusts §§ 4-202, 4-203; Tax-Gen. § 7-217). After the death the custodian of a will delivers it to the register of the county where administration should be had (Est. & Trusts § 4-203(b)(1)). Руководство: Пробейт в Мэриленде: объяснение

Settlor

A person, including a testator, who creates or contributes property to a trust; with several settlors, each is the settlor of the portion attributable to that person's contribution, except to the extent another person has the power to revoke or withdraw it (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-103(w)).

Trustee

An original, additional or successor trustee, or a cotrustee (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-103(cc)). On acceptance, the trustee administers the trust reasonably under the circumstances, in accordance with its terms and purposes and the interests of the beneficiaries (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-801), as a prudent person would (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-804). Руководство: Обязанности правопреемника-попечителя в Мэриленде после смерти

Who may serve as trustee

An individual, a trust company, a tax-exempt organization, and — where its home state returns the courtesy and it files with the Commissioner of Financial Regulation — an out-of-state or national bank or trust company may exercise trust powers in Maryland (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-710); a Maryland or federal judge, a clerk of court or a register of wills may not, unless the settlor's surviving spouse or a relative within the third degree (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-711).

Acceptance of the trusteeship

A person designated as trustee accepts by substantially complying with a method of acceptance the terms provide or, where the terms provide none or it is not expressly exclusive, by accepting delivery of the trust property, exercising powers, performing duties as trustee or otherwise indicating acceptance (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-701(a)). The acceptance notice counts from the date of acceptance (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-813(b)(1)(i)). Руководство: Преемник-управляющий в Мэриленду: принятие роли

Rejecting the trusteeship

A designated trustee who has not accepted may reject the trusteeship, and one who does not accept within a reasonable time after knowing of the designation is deemed to have rejected it (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-701(b)); without accepting, the designee may act to preserve the trust property if a rejection is sent within a reasonable time to the settlor or, if the settlor is dead or lacks capacity, to a qualified beneficiary, and may inspect the property (§ 14.5-701(c)). Руководство: Преемник-управляющий в Мэриленду: принятие роли

Successor trustee

A trustee who fills a vacancy. A vacancy that must be filled is filled in order by a person designated in the terms, a person appointed by unanimous agreement of the qualified beneficiaries, or the court; a vacancy need not be filled while a cotrustee remains (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-704(b), (c)). A successor is not liable for a former trustee's breach, but must not let a known breach continue and must take reasonable steps to obtain the property and to redress a breach (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-812). Руководство: Преемник-управляющий в Мэриленду: принятие роли

Vacancy in a trusteeship

A vacancy occurs when a designated trustee rejects, cannot be identified or does not exist; a trustee resigns, is disqualified or removed, or dies; a guardian is appointed for an individual trustee; a trustee cannot be located for 120 consecutive days; or two licensed physicians determine that a trustee is unable to handle business affairs (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-704(a)). Руководство: Преемник-управляющий в Мэриленду: принятие роли

Qualified beneficiary

A beneficiary who, on the date the qualification is determined, is a distributee or permissible distributee of trust income or principal, would be one if the interests of those distributees terminated on that date without the trust terminating, or would be one if the trust terminated on that date and no power of appointment were exercised — but not an appointee under a living person's will or the object of an unexercised inter vivos power (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-103(u)). A beneficiary who has sent the trustee a request for notice receives the notices the qualified beneficiaries do (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-110(a)). Руководство: Обязанности правопреемника-попечителя в Мэриленде после смерти

Beneficiary

A person that has a present or future beneficial interest in a trust, vested or contingent, or that holds a power of appointment over trust property in a capacity other than that of a trustee (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-103(d)). Руководство: Обязанности правопреемника-попечителя в Мэриленде после смерти

Knowledge

A person has knowledge of a fact if the person has actual knowledge of it, has received a notice or notification of it, or from all the facts and circumstances known at the time knows or should know it (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-104). The irrevocability notice and the spouse's notice count from the trustee's knowledge (Est. & Trusts §§ 14.5-813(b)(1)(ii), 3-409(c)). Руководство: Правопреемник-попечитель после смерти в Мэриленде: первые шаги

Revocable trust

A trust revocable by the settlor without the consent of the trustee or a person holding an adverse interest (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-103(v)). For an instrument executed on or after January 1, 2015, the settlor may revoke or amend the trust unless its terms expressly make it irrevocable (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-602(a)); the capacity to create, amend or revoke it is the capacity to make a will, and the settlor's incapacity does not make it irrevocable (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-601). Руководство: Отзывный прижизненный траст Мэриленда: объяснение

Irrevocable trust

A trust the settlor cannot revoke — one whose terms expressly make it irrevocable, or a revocable trust after the settlor's death. The irrevocability notice runs from the trustee's knowledge that a trust is or has become irrevocable (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-813(b)(1)(ii)). Руководство: Безотзывный траст в Мэриленде: объяснение

Revoking or amending a revocable trust

The settlor revokes or amends by substantially complying with the method the terms provide or, where they give none or it is not expressly exclusive, by a later will or codicil that expressly refers to the trust or specifically devises property that would otherwise pass under it, or by another method manifesting clear and convincing evidence of the settlor's intent (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-602(c)); an agent acts only where the trust and the power of attorney expressly authorize it, a guardian only with the court's approval (§ 14.5-602(e), (f)). Руководство: Отзывный прижизненный траст Мэриленда: объяснение

Duties while a trust is revocable

While a trust is revocable, the beneficiaries' rights are subject to the settlor's control and the trustee's duties are owed exclusively to the settlor — but while the settlor lacks the capacity to revoke it, a beneficiary to whom lifetime distributions may be made may enforce the trust as if it were irrevocable (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-603). The trustee may follow the settlor's written direction contrary to the terms (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-808(a)). Руководство: Отзывный прижизненный траст Мэриленда: объяснение

The acceptance notice

Within 60 days after accepting a trusteeship, notice to the qualified beneficiaries of the acceptance and of the trustee's name, address and telephone number (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-813(b)(1)(i)) — delivered personally or by a method Est. & Trusts § 14.5-109(a)(3)(ii) names. Руководство: Преемник-управляющий в Мэриленду: принятие роли

The irrevocability notice

Within 90 days after the trustee acquires knowledge of the creation of an irrevocable trust, or that a formerly revocable trust has become irrevocable, whether by the settlor's death or otherwise, notice to the qualified beneficiaries of the trust's existence, the identity of the settlor or settlors, the right to request a copy of the trust instrument, and the right to a trustee's report (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-813(b)(1)(ii)). Руководство: Правопреемник-попечитель после смерти в Мэриленде: первые шаги

The January 1, 2015 line

Subsection (b) of Est. & Trusts § 14.5-813 — the acceptance notice and the irrevocability notice — "does not apply to a trustee that accepts a trusteeship before January 1, 2015, to an irrevocable trust created before January 1, 2015, or to a revocable trust that becomes irrevocable before January 1, 2015" (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-813(e)). The information duty and the report on request are not confined to that date. Руководство: Преемник-управляющий в Мэриленду: принятие роли

The age-25 floor

The terms of a trust prevail over most of the Maryland Trust Act, but not over the duty to notify the qualified beneficiaries of an irrevocable trust who have attained 25 years of age of the trust's existence, the trustee's identity and their right to request reports and a copy of the trust, or the duty to respond to such a beneficiary's request for reports and information (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-105(11)). Руководство: Обязанности правопреемника-попечителя в Мэриленде после смерти

How a trust notice is delivered

The § 14.5-813 notices — and a proposed termination, modification, combination, division, resignation or transfer — go by personal service; certified or first-class mail with return receipt requested; courier with delivery confirmation requested; or, only where the recipient agrees in writing, first-class mail, fax with a confirmation page, or e-mail with acknowledgment requested; the agreement is revocable, and a trustee who knows or should know an alternative-method notice was not received resends by one of the first three methods (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-109(a)(3)). Руководство: Обязанности правопреемника-попечителя в Мэриленде после смерти

Notice to an unknown qualified beneficiary

Where the name, location or delivery address of a qualified beneficiary is not known to the trustee, the § 14.5-813(b) notices are given by publication in a newspaper of general circulation in the county where the trust property is located, once a week for three successive weeks (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-813(b)(2)(ii)). Руководство: Обязанности правопреемника-попечителя в Мэриленде после смерти

The spouse's notice

Within 60 days after the trustee of a revocable trust of the decedent acquires knowledge of the death, notice to the surviving spouse of the trust's existence, the identity of the trustees, and the spouse's right to request a copy of the trust instrument — whether or not the spouse is a beneficiary (Est. & Trusts § 3-409(c); Md. Rule 10-801(b)). Руководство: Правопреемник-попечитель после смерти в Мэриленде: первые шаги

The personal representative's notice

Where a proceeding other than for a small estate is commenced to administer the estate of the settlor of a trust revocable at the death, the trustee notifies the personal representative of the trust's existence and the identity of each trustee within 30 days after acquiring knowledge of the estate's opening (Md. Rule 10-801(a)). Руководство: Правопреемник-попечитель после смерти в Мэриленде: первые шаги

Duty to respond to a request for information

Unless unreasonable under the circumstances, a trustee promptly responds to a qualified beneficiary's request for information related to the administration of the trust, including a copy of the trust instrument (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-813(a)) — a duty the terms cannot remove (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-105(10)). Руководство: Обязанности правопреемника-попечителя в Мэриленде после смерти

The trustee's report

On request by a qualified beneficiary, annually and at the termination of the trust, a report of the trust property, liabilities, receipts and disbursements, including the source and amount of the trustee's compensation, a listing of the trust assets and, if feasible, their respective market values; on a vacancy with no cotrustee remaining, the former trustee's report to the qualified beneficiaries who request it (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-813(c)). No report is owed without a request. Руководство: Требования к отчётности траста в Мэриленде

Waiving a report

A qualified beneficiary may waive the right to a trustee's report or other information, and may withdraw the waiver as to future reports and information; a trustee who is a qualified beneficiary owes no report to themself (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-813(d)). Руководство: Требования к отчётности траста в Мэриленде

What the trust's terms cannot change

The terms of a trust prevail over the Maryland Trust Act except as to fifteen matters — among them the requirements for creating a trust, the duty to act reasonably and in accordance with the terms, purposes and beneficiaries' interests, the court's powers to modify, terminate, require a bond and adjust compensation, creditors' rights, the information and report duties of § 14.5-813(a) and (c), the age-25 notice floor, the limits on exculpation, third parties' rights and periods of limitation (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-105). Руководство: Обязанности правопреемника-попечителя в Мэриленде после смерти

Certification of trust

Instead of a copy of the instrument, a trustee may give a person other than a beneficiary a certification of the trust's existence and execution date; the settlor's identity; the acting trustee's identity and address; the trustee's powers in the pending transaction; whether the trust is revocable and who may revoke it; the cotrustees' signing authority; the trust's taxpayer identification number, unless it is also a settlor's Social Security number; and the manner and name in which title may be taken — signed by a trustee, stating that the trust has not been revoked, modified or amended in a manner that would make the representations incorrect (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-910). Руководство: Полномочия управляющего Мэриленда (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-815)

Duty of loyalty

A trustee administers the trust solely in the beneficiaries' interests; a transaction for the trustee's own account, or otherwise affected by a conflict between fiduciary and personal interests, is voidable by an affected beneficiary unless the terms authorized it, the court approved it, the beneficiary let the time to sue run, consented, ratified or released, or it predates the trusteeship (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-802(a), (b)). Руководство: Обязанности правопреемника-попечителя в Мэриленде после смерти

The presumed conflict

A transaction involving trust property is presumed affected by a conflict if entered into with the trustee's spouse; a descendant, sibling or parent of the trustee or their spouse; an agent or attorney of the trustee; or an enterprise in which the trustee, or a person owning a significant interest in the trustee, has an interest that might affect the trustee's judgment (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-802(c)). Руководство: Обязанности правопреемника-попечителя в Мэриленде после смерти

Impartiality

If a trust has two or more beneficiaries, the trustee acts impartially in investing, managing and distributing the trust property, giving due regard to the beneficiaries' respective interests (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-803). Руководство: Обязанности правопреемника-попечителя в Мэриленде после смерти

Prudent administration

A trustee administers the trust as a prudent person would, considering its purposes, terms, distributional requirements and other circumstances, with reasonable care, skill and caution (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-804); incurs only reasonable costs (§ 14.5-805); and uses any special skills or expertise the trustee has or was named for (§ 14.5-806). Руководство: Обязанности правопреемника-попечителя в Мэриленде после смерти

Prudent investor rule

A trust company, an investment adviser it controls, and a fiduciary who elects into it invest and manage fiduciary assets as a prudent investor would — in the context of the assets as a whole, with an overall strategy and diversification unless the circumstances say otherwise (Est. & Trusts § 15-114). An individual trustee who has not elected is held to the prudent-person standard of Est. & Trusts § 14.5-804. Руководство: Обязанности правопреемника-попечителя в Мэриленде после смерти

Delegation

A trustee may delegate duties and powers a prudent trustee of comparable skills could properly delegate, with reasonable care in selecting the agent, setting the scope and terms and periodically reviewing the agent; an agent submits to Maryland's courts (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-807). Investment and management functions may be delegated to a cotrustee, revocably (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-703(d)). Руководство: Полномочия управляющего Мэриленда (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-815)

Cotrustees

Each cotrustee participates in the performance of a trustee's function unless unavailable through absence, illness, disqualification or other temporary incapacity, or the function was properly delegated; the remaining cotrustees act on a vacancy, and act for the trust where a cotrustee is unavailable and prompt action is necessary (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-703). Maryland's Act has no majority-vote rule. Руководство: Полномочия управляющего Мэриленда (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-815)

Adviser (power to direct)

A person other than a revocable trust's settlor whom the terms give a power to direct, consent to or disapprove the trustee's decisions is an adviser and a fiduciary; where the terms require the trustee to follow the adviser, the trustee is liable only for willful misconduct and has no duty to monitor, advise or warn (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-808(b), (c)). Руководство: Полномочия управляющего Мэриленда (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-815)

Trustee compensation

Where the terms are silent, compensation that is reasonable under the circumstances; where they specify it, as specified, the court able to authorize more or less; in judging reasonableness a court weighs the property's value and character, the risk and responsibility, the time and quality of the services, others' services, the trustee's skill and experience, the results, the terms and any other relevant factor (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-708(a), (b)). Since October 1, 2025. Руководство: Вознаграждение управляющего Мэриленда (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-708)

Schedule of rates

A financial institution under State or federal supervision, or a member of the Maryland Bar, may charge reasonable compensation calculated by a schedule of rates filed with the Commissioner of Financial Regulation (a savings and loan with its Division's director), after notice to the qualified beneficiaries personally or by certified mail, return receipt requested, with a statement of their right to petition the circuit court to review the rates; any other individual trustee needs a circuit court's approval to file one, and the trustee's costs of a review are charged against the trustee's fees (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-708(d)–(f)). Руководство: Вознаграждение управляющего Мэриленда (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-708)

Reimbursement of expenses

A trustee is reimbursed from the trust property, with interest as appropriate, for expenses properly incurred in the administration, and for others to the extent needed to prevent the trust's unjust enrichment; an advance to protect the trust is a lien on the trust property (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-709). Руководство: Вознаграждение управляющего Мэриленда (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-708)

Trustee powers

Without a court's authorization, a trustee may exercise the powers the terms confer and, except as the terms limit them, all the powers an unmarried competent owner has over individually owned property and the powers appropriate to investing, managing and distributing the trust property, always subject to the fiduciary duties (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-815); the specific powers of Est. & Trusts § 15-102 and the environmental and conservation-easement powers of § 14.5-816 sit beside them. Руководство: Полномочия управляющего Мэриленда (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-815)

Discretionary power

A discretionary power is subject to judicial control to prevent misinterpretation or abuse; however "absolute," "sole" or "uncontrolled" the words, a trustee abuses it by acting dishonestly, with an improper motive, without exercising judgment in accordance with the terms and purposes, or beyond the bounds of reasonable judgment (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-203(a)). Руководство: Полномочия управляющего Мэриленда (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-815)

Limits on a beneficiary-trustee

A trustee may not exercise a power to make discretionary distributions to themself except as limited by an ascertainable standard of health, education, support or maintenance, or to satisfy their own legal obligations, among the other limits of Est. & Trusts § 14.5-814(a) — not applying while the trust is revocable, where it would defeat a marital deduction, or to a § 2503(c) trust (§ 14.5-814(d)). Руководство: Полномочия управляющего Мэриленда (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-815)

Discretionary distribution provision

A provision giving the trustee discretion over whether, how much, to whom, from what or when to distribute (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-103(g)). The beneficiary has no property right in an interest subject to it; it may not be foreclosed, attached or transferred, and a creditor of a beneficiary of a third-party discretionary provision has no enforceable right and cannot compel a distribution (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-502). Руководство: Защита активов в Мэриленде: основы

Support provision

A mandatory provision that the trustee shall distribute income or principal for a beneficiary's health, education, support or maintenance (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-103(z)); the interest may not be foreclosed, attached or transferred, except as the exception creditors may reach it (Est. & Trusts §§ 14.5-503, 14.5-505). Руководство: Защита активов в Мэриленде: основы

Spendthrift provision

A term restraining both voluntary and involuntary transfer of a beneficiary's interest (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-103(x)); it is valid and enforceable, "spendthrift trust" or similar words suffice, and a creditor or assignee may not reach the interest or a distribution before the beneficiary receives it (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-504). Руководство: Защита активов в Мэриленде: основы

Exception creditors

An interest under a spendthrift or support provision can be reached by a child, spouse or former spouse with a judgment or order for support or maintenance, by a judgment creditor who provided services protecting the beneficiary's interest, and by the State or the United States where a statute so provides — by an order attaching distributions as they come due (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-505). Руководство: Защита активов в Мэриленде: основы

The settlor's own creditors

During the settlor's life a revocable trust's property is subject to the settlor's creditors; a creditor of the settlor of an irrevocable trust may reach the lesser of the claim and the maximum that can be distributed to or for the settlor (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-508(a)(1)–(3)). Руководство: Защита активов в Мэриленде: основы

Entireties property in trust

Property a married couple held as tenants by the entirety and conveyed to a trust on or after October 1, 2010 keeps its immunity from the separate creditors of either spouse while they remain married, both are beneficiaries, the property stays in trust and the trust instrument or deed says § 14.5-511 applies — and after the first death as to the decedent's separate creditors (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-511). Руководство: Защита активов в Мэриленде: основы

Creditors after the settlor's death

After the settlor's death, a trust that was revocable at the death is subject to the settlor's creditors' claims (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-508(a)(5)). Where an estate other than a small estate is opened, the trust is not liable for claims not properly presented in the estate (§ 14.5-508(b)(1)); where none is opened, the trustee may publish a notice once a week for three successive weeks, and claims not presented within six months after the first publication are barred (§ 14.5-508(b)(2)–(4)). Руководство: Правопреемник-попечитель после смерти в Мэриленде: первые шаги

Notice to Creditors of a Settlor of a Revocable Trust

The statutory form a trustee may publish where no regular estate is opened: the death, the trustee's name and address, and the warning that a claim must be presented to the trustee within six months after the first publication with the statute's required contents; a creditor whose claim is disallowed must sue within 60 days after the notice of disallowance is mailed (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-508(b)(2), (6); Md. Rule 10-802(c)). Руководство: Правопреемник-попечитель после смерти в Мэриленде: первые шаги

The estate's claims period

A claim against a decedent's estate is barred unless presented within the earlier of six months after the death or two months after the personal representative mails or delivers to the creditor a notice that the claim will be barred unless presented within two months (Est. & Trusts § 8-103(a)); a claim the personal representative disallows is barred unless the claimant petitions or sues within 60 days after the notice is mailed (Est. & Trusts § 8-107). Руководство: Пробейт в Мэриленде: объяснение

The contest period

A person contests the validity of a trust that was revocable at the settlor's death within the earliest of one year after the death or six months after the trustee sends the person a copy of the instrument and a notice of the trust's existence, the trustee's name and address and the time allowed (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-605). Руководство: Правопреемник-попечитель после смерти в Мэриленде: первые шаги

No-contest clause

For a cause of action arising on or after July 1, 2026, a provision in a trust purporting to penalize an interested person for contesting the trust or instituting other proceedings is void if probable cause exists for instituting them (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-113; 2026 Md. Laws ch. 502). Руководство: Правопреемник-попечитель после смерти в Мэриленде: первые шаги

Nonjudicial settlement agreement

On or after October 1, 2016, the interested persons may enter a binding nonjudicial settlement agreement on a matter involving a trust — its interpretation, the approval of a report or accounting, a direction or a power, a resignation, an appointment and compensation, a transfer of the principal place, a trustee's liability — valid only to the extent it does not violate a material purpose and contains terms a court could properly approve (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-111). Руководство: Прекращение траста в Мэриленде: завершающие шаги попечителя

Representation

Notice to, and the consent of, a person authorized to represent another binds the person represented unless that person objects first (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-301); a guardian, an agent with authority over trust matters, a trustee of a beneficiary trust, a personal representative, a parent and, failing them, an ancestor may represent and bind, absent a conflict (§ 14.5-303); a person with a substantially identical interest may represent (§ 14.5-304); and the court may appoint a representative (§ 14.5-305). Руководство: Обязанности правопреемника-попечителя в Мэриленде после смерти

Designated representative

A settlor may designate a representative of a beneficiary, a person to designate one, and their order of priority — but a person serving as trustee may not be the representative of a beneficiary of the same trust (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-306), a rule the terms cannot change (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-105(4)). Руководство: Обязанности правопреемника-попечителя в Мэриленде после смерти

Modification or termination by consent

A noncharitable irrevocable trust may be terminated on the trustee's and all beneficiaries' consent if the court concludes no material purpose requires it to continue, or modified if the court concludes the change is not inconsistent with a material purpose; without unanimity, the court may approve if the nonconsenters' interests are adequately protected (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-410). Руководство: Прекращение траста в Мэриленде: завершающие шаги попечителя

Modification for unanticipated circumstances

The court may modify the administrative or dispositive terms, or terminate the trust, where circumstances the settlor did not anticipate mean doing so will further its purposes, as nearly as practicable in accordance with the settlor's probable intention; and may modify administrative terms where continuing them would be impracticable, wasteful or impair the administration (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-411). Руководство: Прекращение траста в Мэриленде: завершающие шаги попечителя

Reformation for mistake

The court may reform the terms of a trust, even unambiguous terms, to conform them to the settlor's intention if it is proved by clear and convincing evidence that the settlor's intent and the terms were affected by a mistake of fact or law (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-413); and may modify the terms to achieve the settlor's tax objectives (§ 14.5-414). Руководство: Прекращение траста в Мэриленде: завершающие шаги попечителя

Terminating a small trust

A trustee may terminate a trust whose fair market value on its last anniversary is $100,000 or less without a court order, by notice personally delivered or sent by certified mail to each cotrustee and qualified beneficiary with the statute's contents; the termination takes effect at least 90 days after every recipient received the notice, and a written objection within 60 days of the objector's receipt stops it unless withdrawn within 90 days (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-412). Руководство: Прекращение траста в Мэриленде: завершающие шаги попечителя

Dividing or consolidating trusts

On petition and for good cause, the court may divide a trust or consolidate trusts if doing so will not defeat or materially impair the trust purposes or the beneficiaries' interests; a trustee or personal representative may also divide or consolidate as the governing instrument allows (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-415). Руководство: Прекращение траста в Мэриленде: завершающие шаги попечителя

Decanting

Under the Maryland Trust Decanting Act, an authorized fiduciary may exercise a decanting power without anyone's consent or a court's approval, after notice in a record at least 60 days before the exercise to each living settlor, each qualified beneficiary, each holder of a presently exercisable power of appointment, each person who may remove or replace the fiduciary and any other fiduciary — with the manner, the effective date and copies of both instruments; all entitled persons may waive the period in a signed record (Est. & Trusts § 14-605). Руководство: Прекращение траста в Мэриленде: завершающие шаги попечителя

Unitrust conversion and adjustment

Before converting a trust to a unitrust, reconverting it or adjusting between principal and income, the trustee mails the qualified beneficiaries, and the trust's creator if living, a notice of the proposed decision that allows at least 30 days after the mailing for written consents; the trustee proceeds on every qualified beneficiary's written consent, and otherwise the trustee or a qualified beneficiary may petition the circuit court to review it (Est. & Trusts § 15-502.3). Руководство: Требования к отчётности траста в Мэриленде

Principal place of administration

A trustee has a continuing duty to administer the trust at a place appropriate to its purposes, administration and beneficiaries; a transfer requires notice to the qualified beneficiaries not less than 60 days before, with the new jurisdiction, the trustee's new address and telephone number, the reasons, the anticipated date and an objection date not less than 60 days after the notice — and a timely objection ends the trustee's authority to transfer (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-108).

Resignation

A trustee may resign on at least 30 days' notice to the qualified beneficiaries, the settlor if living, all cotrustees and any person with a right to replace or appoint a successor, or with the court's approval; resignation discharges no liability (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-705). Until the property is delivered, a trustee who resigned or was removed keeps the duties and the protective powers (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-707). Руководство: Преемник-управляющий в Мэриленду: принятие роли

Removal of a trustee

The settlor, a cotrustee or a beneficiary may ask the court to remove a trustee, or the court may act on its own initiative, for a serious breach, a lack of cooperation among cotrustees that substantially impairs the administration, unfitness, unwillingness or persistent failure, or a substantial change of circumstances with all qualified beneficiaries requesting it — with interim relief to protect the property (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-706). Руководство: Преемник-управляющий в Мэриленду: принятие роли

Breach of trust

A violation of a duty a trustee owes a beneficiary, by action or a failure to act (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-901(a)); the court may compel, enjoin, surcharge, order an accounting, appoint a special fiduciary, suspend or remove the trustee, reduce or deny compensation, void an act or trace property (§ 14.5-901(b)); liability is the greater of restoring the trust and the trustee's profit (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-902). Absent a breach, a trustee is not liable for a loss or for not having made a profit (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-903). Руководство: Обязанности правопреемника-попечителя в Мэриленде после смерти

Exculpatory term

A term relieving a trustee of liability is unenforceable to the extent it relieves bad faith or reckless indifference, was inserted through the trustee's abuse of a fiduciary or confidential relationship, or was unreasonable; one the trustee drafted or caused to be drafted is presumed an abuse unless shown fair and adequately communicated to the settlor (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-906).

The one-year limitation

Except as § 14.5-907 provides, a beneficiary may not bring a judicial action for breach of trust more than one year after the beneficiary or a representative is sent a report that adequately discloses the existence of a potential claim and informs of the time allowed — adequate if it gives enough that the beneficiary knows of the claim or should have inquired; no limit for a breach in bad faith or with reckless indifference (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-904). Руководство: Требования к отчётности траста в Мэриленде

The optional release procedure

On a termination, resignation or removal, a trustee may send each interested party, by first-class and certified mail, return receipt requested, a report with an accounting for the preceding five years, the property still expected, the fees still owed, the 120-day objection statement and the statement that the trustee knows of no undisclosed information that could give rise to a claim; a party who does not object in writing within 120 days is deemed to have released the trustee and ratified the trustee's actions (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-907(c)–(f)). Руководство: Прекращение траста в Мэриленде: завершающие шаги попечителя

Consent, release or ratification

A trustee is not liable to a beneficiary who consented to the conduct, released the trustee or ratified the transaction — unless the consent, release or ratification was induced by the trustee's improper conduct, or the beneficiary did not know of their rights or of the material facts at the time (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-907(b)). Руководство: Прекращение траста в Мэриленде: завершающие шаги попечителя

Distribution on termination

On an event terminating or partially terminating a trust, the trustee proceeds expeditiously to distribute the property to those entitled, subject to a reasonable reserve for debts, expenses and taxes; a proposal for distribution ends a beneficiary's right to object 60 days after it was sent if it stated the right and the time (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-817). Руководство: Прекращение траста в Мэриленде: завершающие шаги попечителя

Persons dealing with the trustee

A person dealing with a trustee without actual knowledge or reasonable cause to inquire whether the trustee is improperly exercising a power need not inquire and is protected as if the power were properly exercised, and need not see to the application of assets paid to the trustee (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-909). Руководство: Полномочия управляющего Мэриленда (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-815)

The trustee's personal liability

A trustee is not personally liable on a contract properly entered into in a fiduciary capacity if the contract disclosed the capacity, and a claim on such a contract, on the ownership or control of trust property, or on a tort in the administration may be asserted against the trustee in the fiduciary capacity (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-908); trust property is not subject to the trustee's personal obligations, even in the trustee's insolvency (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-509). Руководство: Полномочия управляющего Мэриленда (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-815)

A fiduciary's attorney-client privilege

From October 1, 2026, unless the client waives it, a communication between an attorney and a client acting as a fiduciary (an agent included) is privileged even though fiduciary funds pay the attorney, and the fiduciary relationship with a beneficiary does not waive it (Est. & Trusts § 15-117). Руководство: Обязанности правопреемника-попечителя в Мэриленде после смерти

Trusts for an animal or a purpose

A trust may provide for the care of an animal alive during the settlor's life, ending at the animal's death, enforced by a person the terms or the court appoint (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-407); a trust for a noncharitable purpose without a definite beneficiary may not be enforced for more than 21 years unless the settlor elects otherwise (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-408). Each enforcer has a qualified beneficiary's rights (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-110(c)). Руководство: Виды трастов в Мэриленде

Oral trust

A trust need not be evidenced by an instrument, but the creation of an oral trust and its terms may be established only by clear and convincing evidence (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-406). Руководство: Виды трастов в Мэриленде

Special needs trust

Maryland's policy encourages special needs and supplemental needs trusts, whether funded by the beneficiary or a third party, for an individual of any age with disabilities, and requires the agencies' rules for means-tested benefits to be no more restrictive than federal law (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-1002). A blind or disabled beneficiary's interest may be discretionary despite supplemental-needs words or a ban on food, clothing and shelter (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-502(g)). Benefit-program questions are a specialist's. Руководство: Виды трастов в Мэриленде

Maryland Discretionary Trust Act trust

A statutory trust for one beneficiary created by a transferor under Est. & Trusts Title 14, Subtitle 4: the trustee holds title and has sole discretion over expenditures, the property is not the beneficiary's resource and cannot be assigned or attached, and the transferor may designate the trustee and the successors and how they are chosen (Est. & Trusts §§ 14-402, 14-403). Its own succession and resignation rules sit outside this plan. Руководство: Виды трастов в Мэриленде

Substitution of a corporate fiduciary

A successor fiduciary is substituted for a predecessor corporate fiduciary on the adoption of a corporate resolution by both, with the predecessor's rights, powers, duties and obligations, and is deemed named in any instrument naming the predecessor (Est. & Trusts § 15-1A-02), subject to the subtitle's notice, publication and complaint procedure.

Personal representative

The executor or administrator of a decedent's estate, appointed by the register or the orphans' court; letters may go to a trust company, another authorized corporation or an individual, but not to a person under 18, mentally incompetent, convicted of a serious crime without good cause, or a judge, clerk or register except a surviving spouse or close relative (Est. & Trusts § 5-105). The personal representative inventories the estate within 3 months after appointment (Est. & Trusts § 7-201) and accounts within 9 months, then every 6 months (Est. & Trusts § 7-305). Руководство: Пробейт в Мэриленде: объяснение

Small estate

An estate whose property subject to administration in Maryland is $50,000 or less — or $100,000 or less where the surviving spouse is the sole legatee or heir — valued at fair market value less secured debt, may be administered under the small-estate procedure (Est. & Trusts § 5-601). Руководство: Пробейт в Мэриленде: объяснение

Modified administration

A personal representative may elect modified administration within 3 months after appointment where the residuary takers are limited to the personal representative, persons and entities exempt from the inheritance tax, and trusts whose current beneficiaries are exempt; the estate is solvent; a verified final report is filed within 10 months; distribution can occur within 12 months; and the takers consent (Est. & Trusts § 5-702). Руководство: Пробейт в Мэриленде: объяснение

Caveat

A verified petition to caveat a will may be filed before the expiration of six months after the first appointment of a personal representative under a will; for a later-offered different will, within the later of three months after its probate or six months after the first appointment (Est. & Trusts § 5-207(a)). It is not a trust contest. Руководство: Пробейт в Мэриленде: объяснение

Elective share

A surviving spouse may elect one-third of the estate subject to election if issue survive, or one-half if none do, each reduced by the spousal benefits (Est. & Trusts § 3-403); a trust revocable at the death is part of the augmented estate (Md. Rule 10-803(a)); the election is made within the later of nine months after the death or six months after the first appointment of a personal representative (Est. & Trusts § 3-407), and the trustee delivers the information to calculate it on the spouse's written request (Est. & Trusts § 3-409(a)). Руководство: Правопреемник-попечитель после смерти в Мэриленде: первые шаги

Family allowance

A surviving spouse or registered domestic partner is entitled to an allowance of $10,000 for personal use, and $5,000 is paid for each unmarried child under 18 at the death (Est. & Trusts § 3-201). Maryland has no homestead allowance. Руководство: Дом после смерти в Мэриленду

No homestead in Maryland's probate law

Maryland's estates law carries no homestead of the kind other states protect at death; the residence exemption Maryland gives is a bankruptcy one — up to $125,000 in owner-occupied residential property, including a settlor's residential property held in a revocable trust (Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 11-504(f)) — and a couple's entireties property in trust may keep its immunity (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-511). Руководство: Дом после смерти в Мэриленду

Intestate succession

The surviving spouse or registered domestic partner takes the entire estate — one-half where a minor child survives, or the first $100,000 plus one-half of the rest where there is issue not the spouse's or partner's (Est. & Trusts § 3-102); the rest goes to the issue by representation (§ 3-103); with no issue, spouse or partner, to the parents, their issue, then the grandparents' lines (Est. & Trusts § 3-104). Руководство: Смерть без завещания в Мэриленде

By representation

For a decedent's issue, the property is divided into as many equal shares as there are children of the decedent who survive and children who did not survive but left issue who do; each surviving child takes a share and each deceased child's share passes to that child's issue by the same pattern — strict per stirpes (Est. & Trusts § 1-210(b)); for the issue of a parent, grandparent or great-grandparent, the division begins at the nearest degree with a survivor (§ 1-210(c)). Руководство: Калькулятор per stirpes для попечителей Мэриленда

The 120-hour survival rule

Where title, devolution or another right depends on surviving another person, an individual not established by clear and convincing evidence to have survived by at least 120 hours is deemed to have predeceased — and the same for a governing instrument's survival of an event, subject to the act's exceptions (Cts. & Jud. Proc. §§ 10-802, 10-803). Руководство: Правопреемник-попечитель после смерти в Мэриленде: первые шаги

Divorce and a revocable trust

On an absolute divorce or an annulment after the trust's creation, occurring on or after October 1, 2016, the terms of the settlor's revocable trust for the former spouse are revoked and the former spouse is deemed to have died on that date; a former spouse serving as trustee or adviser is removed and may not serve or exercise any power under the trust — unless the instrument, a court order or a written agreement says otherwise (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-604). Руководство: Отзывный прижизненный траст Мэриленда: объяснение

Will execution

Any person 18 or older and legally competent may make a will; it must be in writing, signed by the testator or another at the testator's express direction in the testator's physical presence, and attested and signed by two or more credible witnesses in the testator's physical presence or, for an electronic or remotely witnessed will, electronic presence under the statute's conditions (Est. & Trusts § 4-102). Руководство: После подписания вашего завещания в Мэриленде: что дальше

Revoking a will

A will is revoked only by a later will, by burning, cancelling, tearing or obliterating it with intent, by a later marriage followed by the birth, adoption or legitimation of a child who survives, or — as to the provisions for the spouse — by an absolute divorce or annulment after its execution (Est. & Trusts § 4-105). Руководство: После подписания вашего завещания в Мэриленде: что дальше

The custodian's duty to deliver the will

After the testator's death, the custodian of a will delivers it to the register of wills for the county where administration should be had, and is liable for the damages a willful failure causes (Est. & Trusts § 4-203(b), (c)); during life a will may be deposited with the register for safekeeping (Est. & Trusts § 4-202). Руководство: После подписания вашего завещания в Мэриленде: что дальше

Disclaimer

A person — or a fiduciary, unless its instrument or a statute restricts it — may disclaim an interest in or power over property, in a signed record that declares and describes the disclaimer and is delivered or filed as the statute provides (Est. & Trusts § 9-202); an interest a trustee disclaims does not become trust property (Est. & Trusts § 9-205). Руководство: Правопреемник-попечитель после смерти в Мэриленде: первые шаги

Transfer-on-death deed

From October 1, 2026, an owner may transfer Maryland real property at death by a transfer-on-death deed recorded before the death in the county's land records; it is nontestamentary and revocable, needs the capacity to make a will, and affects nothing during the transferor's life (Real Prop. §§ 14-1003, 14-1004, 14-1006, 14-1007) — property passing outside the trust. Руководство: Как избежать пробейта в Мэриленде

Agent under a power of attorney

A person granted authority to act for a principal under a power of attorney (Est. & Trusts § 17-101(b)); a written power of attorney is durable unless its terms say otherwise (Est. & Trusts § 17-105(c)). An agent may revoke, amend or distribute from a revocable trust only where the trust and the power of attorney expressly authorize it (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-602(e)). Руководство: Доверенности и предварительные распоряжения в Мэриленде

Advance directive

A competent individual may make a written or electronic advance directive about health care and appoint a health care agent, with the statute's limits on who may serve (Health-Gen. § 5-602). Руководство: Доверенности и предварительные распоряжения в Мэриленде

Surrogate decision maker

For a patient certified incapable of an informed decision with no available health care agent, in order: a guardian; the spouse or domestic partner; an adult child; a parent; an adult brother or sister; and a friend or other relative who meets the statute's conditions (Health-Gen. § 5-605(a)). Руководство: Доверенности и предварительные распоряжения в Мэриленде

Custodian for a minor

Under the Maryland Uniform Transfers to Minors Act a custodian holds custodial property for a minor and transfers it at 21 for property transferred by gift or exercise of a power of appointment, or by a personal representative, trustee or conservator, and at 18 for property transferred by another person holding the minor's property or owing the minor a debt — or at the minor's earlier death (Est. & Trusts §§ 13-304 … 13-307, 13-320) — a custodianship, not a trust.

Fraudulent conveyance

Under the Maryland Uniform Fraudulent Conveyance Act (Com. Law § 15-214), a conveyance made with actual intent to hinder, delay or defraud creditors is fraudulent as to present and future creditors (Com. Law § 15-207), and a conveyance without fair consideration by one rendered insolvent by it is fraudulent as to creditors regardless of intent (Com. Law § 15-204). Руководство: Защита активов в Мэриленде: основы

Exempt insurance and retirement benefits

Life insurance and annuity proceeds for the benefit of or assigned to the insured's spouse, child or dependent relative are exempt from the insured's creditors, cash values and dividends included, except a policy pledged as security and a transfer with intent to defraud (Ins. § 16-111); money and interests in plans qualified under the Internal Revenue Code are exempt from all creditors except the Maryland Department of Health (Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 11-504(h)). Руководство: Защита активов в Мэриленде: основы

Maryland inheritance tax

A tax of 10 percent of the clear value of property passing from a decedent with a taxable situs in Maryland (Tax-Gen. §§ 7-202, 7-204), from which grandparents, parents, the spouse, children and their descendants, their spouses, brothers and sisters, and the listed entities and charities are exempt (Tax-Gen. § 7-203). The person who distributes the property pays it before distributing and is liable until it is paid (Tax-Gen. § 7-216(a)); an application to fix the tax on non-probate assets is filed with the Register of Wills within 90 days after the death (Md. Rule 6-405). Руководство: Правопреемник-попечитель после смерти в Мэриленде: первые шаги

Maryland estate tax

A tax on the transfer of the Maryland estate of a resident decedent, or of a nonresident with Maryland real property or tangible personal property (Tax-Gen. § 7-302), with its own exclusion of $5,000,000 for a decedent dying on or after January 1, 2019, plus any deceased spousal unused exclusion (Tax-Gen. § 7-309(b)(3)(i)6); the return is filed nine months after the death where a federal return is required, or would be at Maryland's exclusion (Tax-Gen. § 7-305). Руководство: Правопреемник-попечитель после смерти в Мэриленде: первые шаги

Apportionment of the estate tax

The federal and Maryland estate taxes are apportioned among all persons interested in the estate in proportion to the value of their interests, a trustee being a fiduciary for the purpose, subject to the instrument's own direction (Tax-Gen. § 7-308). Руководство: Правопреемник-попечитель после смерти в Мэриленде: первые шаги

Resident fiduciary (income tax)

A fiduciary of a trust is a Maryland resident for the income tax where the trust was created by, or consists of property transferred by, the will of a Maryland domiciliary; where its creator or grantor is a current resident; or where it is principally administered in Maryland (Tax-Gen. § 10-101(k)(1)(iii)).

Recordation and transfer taxes on trust deeds

No recordation, transfer or other State or local excise tax is imposed on a transfer of real property without consideration to a trust, or from a trust to a beneficiary who would have been exempt from a direct transfer, to a beneficiary during the grantor's life where the trustee acquired the property for value, or to a beneficiary of a revocable trust as a result of the settlor's death (Est. & Trusts § 14.5-1001(b)). Руководство: Правопреемник-попечитель после смерти в Мэриленде: первые шаги

Computing a period

Under the Maryland Rules, the day of the act or event is excluded and the last day included unless it is a Saturday, Sunday or holiday, in which case the period runs to the next day that is not; intermediate weekend days and holidays count unless the period is seven days or less, and three days are added after service by mail (Md. Rule 1-203).

The practice of law

Practicing law means giving legal advice, representing another before a unit of State or local government, or another service the Supreme Court of Maryland defines, and includes advising in a probate administration before an orphans' court, preparing an instrument that affects title to real estate, and preparing or helping to prepare any form or document filed in a court or affecting a case that is or may be filed in a court (Bus. Occ. & Prof. § 10-101(h)); only a person admitted to the Bar may practice (Bus. Occ. & Prof. § 10-601).

Maryland's data-breach law

A business that owns or licenses computerized personal information of a Maryland resident investigates a breach in good faith and, unless it reasonably determines there is no likelihood of misuse, notifies the individual as soon as reasonably practicable but not later than 45 days after discovering or learning of it — and notifies the Office of the Attorney General before notifying the individuals (Com. Law § 14-3504).

Maryland Online Data Privacy Act

A privacy law for a business that conducts business in Maryland or targets its residents and, in the preceding year, controlled or processed the personal data of at least 35,000 Maryland consumers, or of 10,000 with more than 20 percent of its revenue from selling personal data (Com. Law § 14-4702); among its duties, a covered controller may not collect sensitive data — consumer health data included — except where strictly necessary for a product or service the consumer requested (Com. Law § 14-4707(a)(1)).