Affiché dans votre langue en traduction automatique, en attente de relecture par un locuteur natif. Les résumés des lois et l'original en anglais restent la source de référence.
The three systems, in one sentence each
Strict per stirpes — the rule many instruments name: the division always begins at the children’s generation, one share per surviving branch; a deceased child’s share splits among that child’s own descendants.
Per capita with representation — Pennsylvania’s rule for an intestate share (20 Pa.C.S. §2104(1)): the estate is divided into as many equal shares as there are living persons in the nearest degree with a living taker, plus persons in that degree who died leaving issue; a deceased person’s share passes by representation to that person’s issue.
The 1990 UPC rule (per capita at each generation) — divide at the nearest generation with survivors; the deceased members’ shares pool and split equally among the next generation’s takers, so equally-near relatives take equally.
The same family tree can come out differently under different governing words — which is why the instrument controls. Pennsylvania’s intestacy rule reaches a trust only where the instrument points to it or says nothing; a trust may say per stirpes, per capita, define its own scheme, or name alternate takers, and reading a particular instrument against the statute is licensed-attorney work.
Try the arithmetic yourself
Model a family shape — who is living, who left children — and see each system’s exact split. Two generations (children and grandchildren); this is the math of each rule, not a suggestion of which to use.
Child 1
Child 2
- Grandchild 2.1
Child 3
- Grandchild 3.1
- Grandchild 3.2
| Person | Strict per stirpes | Per capita w/ representation (PA default) | UPC per capita at each generation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Child 1 | 1/3 (33.3%) | 1/3 (33.3%) | 1/3 (33.3%) |
| Grandchild 2.1 | 1/3 (33.3%) | 1/3 (33.3%) | 2/9 (22.2%) |
| Grandchild 3.1 | 1/6 (16.7%) | 1/6 (16.7%) | 2/9 (22.2%) |
| Grandchild 3.2 | 1/6 (16.7%) | 1/6 (16.7%) | 2/9 (22.2%) |
Arithmetic only — the exact fractions each rule produces for the shape you modeled, with Pennsylvania’s default labeled as what 20 Pa.C.S. §2104(1) provides for an intestate share. Not advice, and never a statement of which rule YOUR trust uses — the instrument’s own words decide that, and reading them is licensed-attorney work.
Le Centre d'apprentissage est de l'information générale sur la loi de la Pennsylvanie — pas un avis juridique, ni un substitut aux conseils d'un avocat de la Pennsylvanie agréé sur vos faits précis. TrusteeClear est un logiciel, pas un cabinet.